Visual motor integration, visual perception and motor coordination in children with horizontal strabismus

Int J Ophthalmol. 2026 May 18;19(5):952-958. doi: 10.18240/ijo.2026.05.16. eCollection 2026.

ABSTRACT

AIM: To compare visual motor integration (VMI) in non-amblyopic children with and without horizontal strabismus.

METHODS: VMI, visual perception, and motor coordination were evaluated in non-amblyopic children aged 6 to 17 years old using the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery-VMI), together with its supplementary Developmental Tests of Visual Perception and Motor Coordination.

RESULTS: Forty-five non-amblyopic children with horizontal strabismus (23 males, 22 females; mean age: 126.0±33mo) and 45 children without strabismus (22 males, 23 females; mean age: 126.2±34mo) were enrolled. Children with horizontal strabismus exhibited significantly lower mean Beery-VMI scores (P<0.001), visual perception scores (P<0.001), and motor coordination scores (P<0.001) compared with controls, even after adjustment for confounding variables including sex, age, regular sports participation, number of siblings, and stereopsis.

CONCLUSION: Non-amblyopic children with horizontal strabismus demonstrate significantly poorer performance in Beery-VMI, visual perception, and motor coordination compared with children without strabismus.

PMID:42039958 | PMC:PMC13103135 | DOI:10.18240/ijo.2026.05.16