Cont Lens Anterior Eye . 2026 Mar 24;49(3):102650. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2026.102650. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To develop a Nepali version of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire to assess the impact of dry eye disease on quality of life in the Nep…
Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2026 Mar 24;49(3):102650. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2026.102650. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To develop a Nepali version of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire to assess the impact of dry eye disease on quality of life in the Nepalese population. The study also aimed to compare objective signs of dry eye with subjective symptoms and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Nepali OSDI.
METHODS: A single-centre, cross-sectional, observational instrument validation study was conducted. The translation process involved forward translation, backward translation, refinement, and quality evaluation. Participants completed the Nepali OSDI questionnaire alongside the Dry Eye Questionnaire-5 (DEQ-5) and underwent clinical tests, including Schirmer's II, tear break-up time, tear meniscus height, and meibography to confirm the diagnosis of dry eye. A total of 274 participants completed the questionnaire, with 62 completing it again 7 days after the first session to assess test - retest reliability. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha for three factors: ocular symptoms, visual function and environmental triggers. Test-retest reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient.
RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 39.6 ± 12.8 years (55.1% were female). Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.90), with subscale alphas of 0.83 for ocular symptoms, 0.78 for visual function, and 0.82 for environmental triggers. Construct validity was confirmed by exploratory factor analysis (Kaiser - Meyer - Olkin = 0.864; Bartlett's test, p < 0.001), which identified three factors explaining 62.6% of the variance. Test-retest reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.953; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-0.97; p < 0.01). A strong correlation with DEQ-5 scores (r = 0.653, p < 0.01) supported concurrent validity.
CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the Nepali OSDI is clinically comparable to the English version and support its use in both clinical practice and research.
PMID:41880864 | DOI:10.1016/j.clae.2026.102650